" The biomedical literature grows at a tremendous rate and PubMed comprises already over 15 000 000 abstracts. Finding relevant literature is an important and difficult problem. We introduce GoPubMed, a web server which allows users to explore PubMed search results with the Gene Ontology (GO), a hierarchically structured vocabulary for molecular biology. GoPubMed provides the following benefits: first, it gives an overview of the literature abstracts by categorizing abstracts according to the GO and thus allowing users to quickly navigate through the abstracts by category. Second, it automatically shows general ontology terms related to the original query, which often do not even appear directly in the abstract. Third, it enables users to verify its classification because GO terms are highlighted in the abstracts and as each term is labelled with an accuracy percentage. Fourth, exploring PubMed abstracts with GoPubMed is useful as it shows definitions of GO terms without the need for further look up. GoPubMed is online at www.gopubmed.org. Querying is currently limited to 100 papers per query. "

" The term cognitive tool was coined for a means especially designed to improve human cognition. Examples of cognitive tools range from simple mind maps to computer-based assistence systems. Cognitive tools can play a key role in the knowledge management process. This paper describes specific requirements for cognitive tools in a medical context, and presents an implemented framework for enabling medical knowledge management by cognitive tools. The visualization of semantic networks and the users interaction with these graphical metaphors play an important role not only in the process of authoring or knowledge e xternalization, but in the computer-supported application and internalization of medical knowledge, as well. The paper addresses special methodological aspects, namely: 1) the seamless integration of formal knowledge representation and informal knowledge documentation, 2) the introduction of graphical means for interacting with the medical knowledge, and 3) the mutual support of eLearning and knowledge management. The framework is applied to complementary fields: 1) a learning system for differential diagnosis in paediatrics and 2) a tool, which empowers scientific literature retrieval by a graphical visualization of concept-nets based on the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). As a result the case studies show that a generic framework, which supports the visualization of conceptual structures and allows an easy interaction with a medical knowledge repository can successfully support very different steps of medical knowledge work and clinical decision support. "